There is no current way to use the catalog directly, but you could upload the fonts you want to use. Here you can find info about how to do it.
It is in our plans to integrate more font catalogues that the one Penpot is using right now (Google Fonts), and Adobe Fonts should be among them. The feature is even designed but it still needs to enter among our priorities. I’ll add your request to the story.
Just in case you want to know more about the topic, I wrote some time ago about Custom Fonts at Penpot and our further plans: Custom fonts at Penpot
